HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEPARTMENT

DIPLOMA IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

MODULE ONE

COURSE OUTLINE

Unit content

	Topics	Content	Time(hours)
1	Meaning and role of communication	Definition of communication Role of communication Interpersonal communication	2
2	The process of communication	Communication process Barriers to effective communication Overcoming barriers to effective communication	2
3	Principles of effective communication	Principles of effective communication Definition of a sentence Sentence structure Sentence meaning	8
4	Summary writing	Definition of summary Summarization of passages, speeches, reports	8
5	Forms of business correspondence	Types of business correspondence Description of business correspondence Curriculum vitae	6
6	Meetings	Definition of meetings Different types of meetings Purpose of meetings Terminologies used inmeetings Preparation of meetings Procedures of conducting meetings Advantages and disadvantages	4
7	Interviews	Definition of interviews Types of interviews Purpose of interviews Preparation of interviews Role of the interviewer and interviewee Conducting interviews Challenges of an interview	4
8	Reports	Definition of reports Types of reports Purpose of reports Structure and content of reports Preparation of a report Style used in report writing	4
9	Oral/verbal communication	Definition of oral/verbal communication Types of oral communication Importance of oral communication Barriers to effective oral communication Overcoming barriers to oral communication	4
10	Non-verbal communication	Definition of non-verbal communication Types of non-verbal communication Importance of non-verbal communication Barriers to effective non-verbal communication Overcoming barriers to non-verbal communication	4

TOPIC 1

MEANING AND ROLE OF COMMUNICATION

Introduction

According to William Marsteller (an advertising executive), communication is not just words, paint on canvas, math symbols or the equations and models of scientists; it is the interrelation of human beings trying to escape loneliness, trying to share experience, trying to implant ideas.

1.1 Definition of communication

It is the giving, receiving or exchange of information, opinions or ideas through words in speaking or writing or without the use of words or through visual means such that the material communicated is completely understood by everyone.

1.2 Roles of communication in an org

It plays a role in that it is essential to the manager’s work. It is the very core of work in many situations.
It helps pass messages and information to the heads in the org. This will help workers and their working conditions within the organization.
It helps people in an org to socialize where different workers from different departments meet and talk.
It promotes unity among members where they come together to talk on various issues affecting them and the org.
It is the life-blood of any org; no activity can proceed without communication as it involves several people.
It creates awareness where people acquire new knowledge and skills while communicating; they are updated on the affairs of the org.
It creates efficiency in an org.
It provides on-going opportunities for employees to provide feedback to management.
It is important in networking.
It helps in creating the goals and actions of an org.

1.3 Inter-personal relations

Interpersonal relationship refers to an association between two or more people. The basis of this association might be love, same interest, work, business engagements, and family relations among others. Interpersonal communication involves a direct face-to-face relationship between the sender and receiver of a message, who are in an interdependent relationship. Communication is enhanced when the relationship exists over a long period of time. Interpersonal communication involves not only the words used but also the various elements of nonverbal communication. The purposes of interpersonal communication are to influence, help and discover, as well as to share and play together.

QUESTIONS

Discuss the importance of good communication system
Define communication and discuss the main aspects of communication
What role of communication in an organization
What are the essentials of effective communication.
Define inter-personal communication

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 2

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

Introduction

The process of communication describes every act of communicating that we perform. There are also difficulties encountered during communication. However, these barriers can be overcome and thus enabling the smooth flow of communication.

2.1 The Communication process

Terms used in the communication process:

Sender – This is a person who formulates, encodes or transmits a message
Receiver – This is a person who decodes or interprets a message
Encode – It is to put information in its most suitable form
Decode – It is to interpret the message conveyed
Message – It is the content of the communicative act e.g the way you sit, what you talk about, facial expressions, touch etc all have communicative information
Channel – This is the passage or medium through which a message is sent
Feedback – It is the reaction after a message has been sent. It could be positive or negative
Noise – It is anything that interferes or distorts the ability to send or receive a message

The Communication Process

There are several stages in the communication cycle

Sender – The sender defines the information sent by thinking about the aim of the communication and the context to be conveyed. There are three main aims:
Informing – the intention is simply to tell someone something eg a ‘no smoking’ notice, a letter of appointing, etc
Influencing – the intention is to persuade someone to adopt a particular course of action or attitude towards something eg advertising
Initiating action – the intention is to get the reader to do something eg to activate a bank account
Encoding – This is the process of putting information into the most suitable form. It involves putting an idea into words, a picture, a gesture, etc
Channel – This is the actual transfer of information by means of a medium eg

Verbal communication can be done through an interview, a meeting, a telephone, etc
Written communication can be done through a notice board, an internal mail service, a public postal service, etc
Visual communication can be done through a computer, a printer, a fax machine, etc

Receiver – The receiver takes in the message by reading a letter, listening to a speech, watching a TV program, etc
Decoding – The receiver interprets the message he or she has been given in order to obtain his or her own idea of the information it conveys. This may or may not be the same as the information which the sender wanted to convey. If the sender encodes the idea wrongly or in terms which the receiver interprets according to his or her own experience rather than the sender’s, then distortion is likely to occur and the receiver will gain a different message from that intended.
Feedback – It is where the receiver’s first reaction to the message is made. A skilled communicator should look out for feedback when talking to an individual or group eg

murmurs, is a sign of discontentment
yawning – hunger, boredom
nodding – agreement

Response – This is the final stage. It is a complete repetition of the communication cycle, eg a person who receives and reads a letter will write a reply. In so doing, he or she will start communicating from the first stage where they define the information to be sent.

The Communication Cycle

Examples of Noise/Interference

Sender: Language, lack of content, physical noise, poor handwriting

Channel: lack of resources, breakdown of equipment, poor network

Receiver: Language, misinterpretation, physical noise

2.2 Barriers to effective communication

Communication breakdowns will sometimes occur irrespective of how an individual or organization plans to communicate effectively. We should be aware of these barriers if we are to overcome them. There are two main classifications namely:

Barriers caused by the sender or receiver
Barriers caused by external factors

Barriers caused by the sender or receiver

Language

This barrier arises at the encoding and decoding stages of communication. There are various ways in which language can be a barrier, such as:

Mother-tongue interference
Similar words with different meaning
Speaking too fast or too slow
Pronunciation
Stammering
Technical terminology
Accents

These barriers can be overcome by: use of interpreters, practice speaking, moderate pace, simple language, common language, etc.

Poorly defined Aim.

There are three main aims of communication: inform, influence or initiate action. The sender must have a clear idea of what the communication aims to achieve.

This can be overcome by having a clear idea of the purpose of communication.

Wrong medium

Choosing the wrong medium to communicate can be disastrous. It may lead to conveying false information or receiving negative reactions e.g. informing an employee about a promotion or salary increase shouldn’t be done on a notice board, but rather sent by delivery through a messenger or post office.

Careful selection of the medium will help overcome this barrier.

Wrong time

It is important to know when to communicate. Trying to discuss an important issue with someone when he or she is about to leave for an important meeting, will almost certainly end in failure.

Seeking and making appointments will help overcome this barrier.

Differences in perception

The way we view the world is largely determined by our past experiences. People see things differently depending on different age, nationality, culture, education, occupation, gender, status, personality, etc. For example, the Kenyan view of time is there’s no hurry in Africa, whereas in Japan, time is money.

Respecting other people’s views and being more accommodating may help overcome this barrier.

Jumping to conclusions

We often see what we want to see and therefore hear what we expect to hear rather than what is actually there.

Listening attentively to a speaker without interruptions can be useful in overcoming.

Lack of knowledge

It is difficult to communicate effectively with someone whose level of knowledge of a particular subject or discussion is considerably less than yours.

Use of simple language or discussing issues that are of the same level may be useful in overcoming.

Lack of interest

The receiver may lack interest in the sender’s message.

The sender should make the message appealing to the receiver e.g use of illustrations

Difficulties with self expression

The sender may have difficulty finding the right words to convey their ideas.

Careful preparation and planning will help overcome this barrier.

Emotions

These refer to the feelings of either the sender or receiver. Particularly, negative feelings such as anger, hatred, bitterness can be a hindrance to communication.

One should work at controlling one’s feelings by: taking deep breaths, a walk, ignoring, silent prayer, etc.

Barriers caused by external factors

Physical barriers

These are often caused by the nature of the environment. One natural barrier is when managers and employees are located in different buildings or on different site of the operation. Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may cause problems. Employee shortages are another factor that frequently cause communication difficulties for an operation. Any number of physical distractions can interfere with the effectiveness of communication, including a telephone call, drop-in visitors, distances between people, walls, and static on the radio. People often take physical barriers for granted, but sometimes they can be removed. For example, an inconveniently positioned wall can be removed. Interruptions such as telephone calls and drop-in visitors can be removed by issuing instructions to a secretary. An appropriate choice of media can overcome distance barriers between people. Noise is of different forms:

Physical e. g sounds made by sirens, alarms, bells, shouts, etc.
Interference e. g poor network, power blackout, poor handwriting, etc.
Conflicting messages e. g a speakers facial expression that conveys a different message from what has been said.

These noise barriers can be overcome by: changing the form of comm, buying a UPS, printing, etc

Organizational barriers

These occur when the communication structure within an organization fails to allow communication to take place fully and accurately. The supervisors may be unaware of complaints about the conditions of employment.

Such barriers can be overcome by constantly reviewing the structure of an organization’s system of communication to ensure that the right pattern of exchange is used.

Human Relations barriers

There are occasions when human beings fail to co-exist harmoniously. This can negatively affect any organization. When relational problems go beyond the level of simple personality clash, it becomes clear that those individuals are unable to work together.

If both parties fail at removing the existing barrier, then the transfer of one of them to

another section may help solve the barrier.

Psychological barriers

Psychological factors such as employee’s state of mind. We all tend to feel happier and more receptive to information when the sun shines. Equally, if someone has personal problems like worries about their health, family, or marriage, then this will probably affect them.

QUESTIONS

Discuss in detail the process of communication.
Explain any five barriers caused by the sender or receiver.
State and explain barriers caused by external factors.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 3

3.0 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Introduction

To be classified as a good communicator, you must possess certain skills in speaking and listening. This topic identifies such principles and looks into their application. Good communication is also determined by a sound background in sentence construction and meaning. This topic helps you determine your competence in both.

3.1 Principles of effective communication

Basic speaking skills

CLARITY

This is the ability to express your ideas clearly
The language you use should be simple
Organize your material/content so that it can be easily followed
Avoid trying to impress by using long complicated words
Explain any terms that may be unfamiliar to your audience
Utter words distinctly so that they are easily recognizable

CONCISENESS

This is the use of the exact words to express what you mean
Wide vocabulary range will enable you choose the precise words to suit your purpose
Facts used should be correct
Research your subject thoroughly
Ensure that any authorities quoted are reliable
Avoid making statements which go beyond the facts and which might be challenged

CONSIDERATION

Consideration means that you prepare every message with the recipient in mind and try to put yourself in his or her place.
Try to visualize your readers (or listeners)—with their desires, problems, circumstances, emotions, and probable reactions to your request.
Then handle the matter from their point of view. This thoughtful consideration is also called “you-attitude,” empathy, the human touch, and understanding of human nature. (It does not mean, however, that you should overlook the needs of your organization.)

COMPLETENESS

Your business message is “complete” when it contains all facts the reader or listener needs for the reaction you desire.
Completeness is necessary for several reasons.
First, complete messages are more likely to bring the desired results without the expense of additional messages.
Second, they can do a better job of building goodwill. Third, they can help avert costly lawsuits that may result if important information is missing.
Answer all questions asked.
Give something extra, when desirable.

CONCRETENESS

Communicating concretely means being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and general.
Use specific facts and figures.
Put action in your verbs.
Choose vivid, image-building words.

COURTESY

Courteous messages help to strengthen present business friendships, as well as make new friends.
Courtesy stems from sincere you-attitude. It is not merely politeness with mechanical insertions of “please’s” and “thank-you’s.”
Be sincerely tactful, thoughtful, and appreciative.
Omit expressions that irritate, hurt, or belittle.
Grant and apologize good-naturedly.

3.2 Definition of a sentence

It is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate that conveys a statement, question, exclamation or command and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.

Sentence structure – Syntax

Every clause is in a sense, a miniature sentence. There are 4 structures of a sentence namely:

The simple sentence
The compound sentence
The complex sentence
The compound-complex sentence

Simple sentence

This is the most basic type of a sentence. It contains only one independent clause i.e one subject and one verb/adjective/adverb ect. For example:

Run!
Ice melts.
Ice melts quickly.

Compound sentence

It consists of two or more independent clauses. These clauses are joined by co-ordinating conjuctions e.g and, but, or. For example:

Canada is a rich country. It has many poor people.

Canada is a rich country, but it has many poor people.

I don’t like dogs. My sister doesn’t like cats.

I don’t like dogs and my sister doesn’t like cats.

You can write on paper. You can use a computer.

You can write on paper or use a computer.

Complex sentence

It contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The dependent clause is similar to an incomplete sentence. It doesn’t make sense on its own. The independent clause is referred to as the main clause. It makes sense on its own. A dependent clause usually starts with a subordinating conjunction e.g that, because, although, where, which, since, etc. for example:

Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go.
I don’t like dogs that bark at me during the day.
None of the students were injured when the tree fell through the classroom roof.

Compound – complex sentence

It contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. That means it has three clauses. E.g

I don’t like dogs, and my sister doesn’t like cats because they make her sneeze.
You can write on paper, but using a computer is better as you can easily correct your mistakes.
A tree fell through the classroom roof in a storm, but none of the students was injured although many of them were in the classrooms located at the top of the building.

3.3 Sentence meaning – semantics

A phrase is a group of words without a finite verb e.g

The man in the bank
An early history of pottery
As soon as possible

A phrase isn’t a sentence. It works exactly as a noun, adjective, adverb according to its nature and purpose.

Noun phrases name people, things or ideas e.g

The man in the picture
A cookery demonstration

Adjectival phrases describe something e.g

with a long nose
for business users

Activity

Each of the following sentences has an error. Rewrite the sentence correcting the error.

The pupil told the teacher, “I beg you pardon.”
Michael burst in tears when he saw the accident.
I was held in traffic for two hours.
Neither Walter nor Jesica were prepared for the news.
I do not think I can put up with these noise.
The two brothers do not get a long.
Jane wanted to know who she was talking to.
I take two teaspoonfuls of sugar with my tea.

Answer the questions below according to the instructions given after each.

Many people lost their life in the floods. (correct the error)
“Did you attend the National International Trade Fair?” the teacher asked the students. (Rewrite in reported speech.)
The manager bought receipt books, biros and rulers for his office. (Replace the underlined words with one word.)
Juma has lived in Nakuru___________1990. (Fill the blank space with the correct preposition.)
Most people had (go) by the time the meeting started. (Use the verb in brackets in the correct form.)
Jane passed the exam. John too passed. (Rewrite as one sentence using the word BOTH)
A group of people has arrived. (Rewrite in plural)

QUESTION

Write an essay of about 250 words on: “What the Kenya Government should do to increase its forest cover”.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 4

SUMMARY WRITING

Introduction

Summary is also referred to as precise or abstract. It means a prose ( written in paragraphs) passage or composition from which all unnecessary and unrelated ideas and words have been removed. The word precise is a French term that means exact or just.

4.1 Definition of summary

It is a brief statement or account of the main points of something

It is a brief interpretation of a passage. It is expresses in either of the following ways:

In about 25 words (+5-)
In not more than 30 words (exact)
In 50 words (exact)

Do not paraphrase the passage but instead write as it is written. It is advisable to first write a rough draft which will be corrected and serve as the final copy.

ROUGH COPY

Give your points as they are in the passage i.e word for word.
Do away with too many words by replacing them with one word that would cater for those lost.
Cross out words that are not necessary while maintaining the meaning and the tense.
Let the work maintain tidiness. Don’t rub or scribble or delete in the final copy.

FAIR COPY

Transfer the clean copy here.
Sentences are awarded marks depending on whether they are correct or not.
The writing must be in continuous prose i.e in paragraph form.

4.2 Qualities of good summary

i) Should be concise

I.e. a summary should be as long or short to serve the purpose.

ii) Clarity

– It has to be clear.

iii) Coherent

I.e. it should hold together. You can use the following words to join sentences or paragraphs consequently. Moreover, however, naturally, next, thus, nevertheless, finally etc. You can also use phrases to join paragraphs or sentences e.g. equally important, in this way, on contrary, first of all, on the other hand, of course, for instance etc.

4.3 Steps in writing summary

Read the passage thoroughly. Try to get general idea of passage
Read the passage again until you have grasped the entire meaning
Underline/highlight all important ideas.
Write down a title which sums up the theme of the passage
Rewrite in fewer words what the author has said, use your own language as far as possible.
Re-read the passage, compare you point with passage to ensure no important points have been overlooked and nothing insignificant has been included.
Using your points write down sum and substance of the passage in well connected and readable paragraphs. This is your rough draft.
Count the words in your rough draft. Make alterations if necessary to give your summary the required length.
Review and rephrase you rough draft where desirable.
Reconsider the appropriateness of your heading/title.

Title Heading

The heading can be written before the summary is made. The heading should express in few words the theme of passage.

The topic should be written one line or less. More than one line may appear confusing. A summary can have many suitable headings but you should choose the best that gives the central theme or the passage.

4.4 Rules of writing summary

Determine the theme of passage very carefully.
A summary is not reproduction of important sentences but it’s the act of remodeling.

iii. Brevity is good but not at the expense of clarity.

Your summary ought to be intelligible even to persons who have not read the original passage.
Use your own language.
Summary is always written in 3^rdPerson.

vii. Use your own discretion if the passage contains statistical information.

viii. The summary should be well proportioned.

You are not to give any comments appreciative or critical on ideas expressed in the passage.
Reproduce the passage to its ¹/₃^rd.

How to achieve brevity

Try to replace clauses by phrases and phrases by words. E.g. “an arrangement of a permanent nature,” Can be written as “A permanent arrangement”

E.g. “To a considerable degree” you can write “considerably”.

Make use of one word substitutions. E.g. “the secretary’s proposal was adopted with the full agreement of all the members”. You can simply say “the secretary’s proposal was adopted unanimously”.
Avoid unnecessary repetition e.g. it was decided to allow only our own executives to participate in the seminar and not to invite any external participants. The words in italics are unnecessary repetitions.
It’s important to link various sentences. For example; we are selling a new garden fertilizer in the market. It’s in form of powder. Its colour is pink. You can dust it on the plants. You can dissolve it in water and spray. You can say “Our new garden fertilizer, a fine pink coloured powder can be dusted on the plants or dissolved in water and sprayed”.
When writing a summary; omit examples, comparisons, contrasts and mere details

QUESTION

Summarizing a passage

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

From the time we are born we are always learning. Our learning takes place in many different ways. When we are young, we learn through the things we do every day. Schools also provide a lot of learning opportunities. Learning at school is formal because the material to be learned is controlled and provided at different levels. Moreover, it takes place in supervised settings where the learner’s progress is closely monitored.

Learning does not, however, stop when we leave school. As we learn more and understand the world better, we are able to make better decisions. Having knowledge gives many advantages in life.

Gaining knowledge is a lifelong process. Part of this ongoing experience is given through civic education. Civic education deals with acquiring the information and skills that we need in order to play our roles as citizens responsibly and effectively. This learning is largely informal. The knowledge and skills we gain from it give us a better understanding of what is required of us as citizens. This understanding ultimately makes us better citizens. Learning through civic education is intended to have many positive results.

When our understanding of the affairs of the world has improved, we are able to play a more valuable role in the activities and discussions concerning all citizens. It also helps us to understand other people’s views and be able to seek agreement with people on a wide range of subjects. It also contributes to the growth of a more tolerant and mature political culture in our society.

Civic education should cover important aspects of good citizenship. This includes information on what a nation state is and how it is formed. It should also sensitize people on the differences between nation-state, ethnic groups and ethnicity. It is important that the citizens appreciate the challenges encountered in forming a nation state and how to handle the challenges.

Modern nation states are governed by the principles of democracy. When a nation state moves towards democracy, we say that it is in the process of democratization. Democracy is based on allowing the individual to decide the way he or she is to be governed. It is important, therefore, for democratic governments to create the process through which people can be involved in making decisions. A good civic education should sensitize people on the obligation and responsibilities expected of them in the creation of a more democratic state.

It is important that the citizens are made aware of the general rules which provide the general guidelines for the management o f a country by its government and the action of all the citizens. Together, these rules form the constitution.

Lastly, a sound civic education should explain something about governance or management of public affairs, being the basis of any society which claims to be just and democratic. The citizens should be made aware of how governments spend their taxes since proper financial management can do a lot to improve the life of the average citizen. All this calls for good leadership and if civic education throws some light on what makes good leadership, so much the better.

In not more than 50 words, explain the areas that a good civic education should cover. (10 marks)

Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases. (5 marks)

Valuable role
Tolerant

Good citizenship

Democratization
Ethnic

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 5

FORMS OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE

Introduction

Good communication helps businesses to function effectively. It makes easier to recognize and deal with potential problems. There are various forms of communication that are used in business organizations.

5.1 Types of business correspondence

The following are types of business correspondence:

Business letters
Memorandum
Telegram/telex/cables
Forms
Press advertisements
Questionnaires
Message forms
Posters
Electronic mail

Description of business correspondence

Business letters

There are different types of letters written in organizations. The structure of writing these formal letters is basically the same; it is only the content that changes depending on the type of letter.

TYPES OF LETTERS

Letter of confirmation
Letter of acknowledgement
Letter of collection
Letter of complaint
Letter of enquiry
Letter of introduction
Letter of recommendation
Letter of apology
Letter of application

LETTER OF CONFIRMATION

It is a confirmation on arrangements made by the sender and receiver either in person (face to face) or by telephone. The main purpose of this letter is to provide a written documentation of such an arrangement.

LETTER OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This letter assures the sender of the receipt of a document, letter, report, etc. The receiver of such a document admits in writing having received the sent document.

LETTER OF ENQUIRY

It is a letter that requests for information such as prices of goods or charges of services provided by an organization. It is important to be brief and specific on the enquiry.

LETTER OF COLLECTION

It is a letter sent to customers who have failed to pay their debt. The tone used in such a letter is important and should not be abusive or threatening. One should consider whether the customer has a history of defaulting on his/her debt.

LETTER OF COMPLAINT

This letter disapproves goods or services offered by a company in one way or another. It states the fault simply and clearly. The writer should avoid the use of abusive language.

LETTER OF APOLOGY

It is written when an error has been made. The best approach is to apologize in the first paragraph of the letter. This is an indicator that one has taken responsibility of the mistake and is sincere in the apology.

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

It is written to introduce a new member to an organization or a new customer to a business. It is also known as a letter of recommendation.

LETTER OF REFERENCE

It usually accompanies an application letter and is written by a referee. It includes information about the applicant such as the period of knowledge, qualifications and suitability of the applicant. It is posted directly in a separate envelope which is marked ‘confidential’ because of the nature of its contents.

SAMPLE LETTER OF APPLICATION (full-block format)

Alex Mwangi Njagi

Thika Technical Training Institute

P.O.Box 91-01000

Thika

20^th May 2012

The Human Resource Manager

Kenya Airways

P.O.B.ox 234567-00100 GPO

Nairobi

Dear Sir/ Madam

RE: APPLICATION FOR POST OF AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEER

Iwish to apply for the above named post as advertised in The Daily Nation dated 17^th May 2012. I am a Kenyan citizen aged 20 years and have recently completed my Diploma course in Mechanical Engineering at Thika Technical Training Institute.

During my study period, I acquired vital skills and knowledge in this field as indicated in my attached transcripts. I also gained some exposure in aircraft maintenance during my attachment period of six months at the Wilson Airport. Given an opportunity, I believe my knowledge will be of benefit to your company as I establish in my career.

Please find enclosed copies of my curriculum vitae and other testimonials. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours faithfully

Alex M. Njagi

Memorandum

A memo is a formal note sent to members of an organization for a range of purposes. It is typed and a copy kept by the sender. It is short and allows room for the barest details. It may for example, remind a colleague that an important client is visiting that day or request from him or her details of a forthcoming conference. Longer memos allow more details to be included but they put the reader off by their length.

Sample memo

MEMO

TO: The Managing Director

FROM: Denis Onyango, Training Manager

C.C: Peter Wambugu, Finance Manager

DATE: 18^th May 2013

SUBJECT: INDUCTION TRAINING PROGRAMME

Following our recent conversation, I have enclosed a draft programme of an induction training which will be held from 15^th June 2013 to 17^th June 2013 at the Conference Hall.

You will note that you have been allocated the afternoon session no Wednesday 17^th June 2013. I will appreciate your confirmation of that date and time.

Denis Onyango

Training Manager

Telegram/telex/cables

This is a means of sending a written message across a telephone line and is particularly useful e.g when a bank wishes to send an urgent message to a client in another counter. The sender types the text to be sent on a special keyboard and it is sent by telephone lines to the receiver’s machine which prints the message out in detail.

Forms

A form is a written document that contains questions that are used to gather information about an individual. Examples include: admission forms, application forms, etc. organizations use forms for both internal and external communication.

Advantages

A lot of information can be collected quickly
Information can be compared and contrasted
Specific information can be obtained

Disadvantages

May fail to provide information when an individual fails to answer all relevant questions
Poor design of the form may hinder effective collection of information e.g inadequate space to answer, ambiguous questions
It can be time consuming

Designing a form

Make the layout as attractive as possible
Write the instructions clearly and arrange the questions in a logical order
Make the questions brief
Ensure the form is functional by asking relevant questions
Give sufficient space for each question
Use simple language that is easy to understand
Avoid contradictions that may arise from the questions asked
Always pilot test the form to assess its effectiveness and make necessary changes

Questionnaires

A questionnaire is a formal way of obtaining first hand information. It is commonly used in research where each item addresses a specific objective, research question or hypothesis.

Disadvantages:

It may confuse respondents as to the nature of the information required
It may discourage respondents to the extent of discarding the questionnaire
It may leave out important information required in the study
Respondents may not take the survey as seriously as the researcher
Some respondents may fail to answer truthfully

Designing a questionnaire

There are two main categories of questions:

Close-ended questions
Open-ended questions

Close-ended questions

They refer to questions which are accompanied by a list of all possible alternatives where one chooses the best answer e.g What type of house do you live in?

Bungalow Flat 3. Maisonette 4. Other

Advantages

They are easy to analyze since they are in an immediate usable form
Easy to administer because each item is followed by alternative answers
Save on time

Disadvantages

Difficult to construct because categories must be well thought out
Responses are limited and the respondent is compelled to answer questions according to the researcher’s choices

Open-ended questions

It refers to questions which give the respondent complete freedom to respond in his or her own words. The amount of space provided is however an indicator of whether a brief or lengthy answer is desired e.g

How do you keep record of your monthly expenditure in your household?

—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————-

Advantages

The respondent can give their personal responses
Simple to formulate because they are no response categories
Responses can give rise to a different perspective

Disadvantages

Some responses given may fail to provide the required information
More difficult to analyze responses because there are no categories
It is time consuming and may put off respondents

Press advertisements

There are two types of advertisements:

Small advertisement/ linear advertisement
Large advertisement/ display advertisement

Small advertisement

It usually appears under the classified section in newspapers. It is commonly used to advertise services or products. Each is paid at a given rate per word. It is brief and should contain the following:

A description of the product.
The price
The contact person

Sample

ROLLS ROYCE car hire, discounted prices for weddings. Brian: 0703123456.

Display advertisement

It is a combination of a notice and a small advertisement. It contains more details in different designs. It is more expensive due to the size of the advertisement.

Advantages of advertisements

It can reach a wide audience
It is a fast means of communication

Disadvantages

It is costly to place an advertisement in the newspaper
Information is received by literate
It cannot benefit the visually impaired

Message forms

It is a form used to record a message intended for a person who is not available. It should be passed on immediately to the concerned person. It should include space for all the necessary details about the caller and the call.

Electronic mail

E-MAIL

It is a way of sending or receiving a massage through electronic means. It can be used to send memos, letters, application forms, reports, pictures, newsletters, and many paged documents e.g e-books.

ADVANTAGES

It is relatively cheap especially when sending a document of several pages
It can be used to send a message to many people at the same time
It is a very fast means of communication especially if the recipient is online
The message is sent as a plain text hence there is no need to memorize a particular layout
It is simple, convenient and independent of time and time zones
Documents can be attached to the email and sent saving time and money

DISADVANTAGES

One can receive unwanted messages from people known and unknown to them
Some messages may be incomprehensible due to miss-pelt words or coded language
Some senders write annoying messages impulsively and thoughtlessly which they later regret
It is phasing out other types of communication e.g. notes, letters, telephone, face to face

EMAIL ETIQUETTE

This is the expected behavior when sending or receiving email:

Treat email as public messages that can be accessed by anyone else
Emails can be subjected to fraud, defamation, plagiarism, obscenities etc
Avoid sending copies of emails indiscriminately to long lists of recipients because many people read only mail with relevant subject headings
Do not expose other peoples email addresses especially when sending a forwarded message
Use humour and sarcasm cautiously to avoid offending the recipient
The use of too many abbreviations or codes can make email messages difficult to read e.g. BTW (By the way), NKT (click sound),
Edit the text to remove irrelevancies
Avoid sending documents that are too bulky, the downloading may be too slow for the recipient.
Ensure your email is sent to the right address Check and re-check
Clear your inbox regularly to de-clatter

5.2 Curriculum vitae writing

It is a document that is prepared by a person seeking employment or a promotion.

Structure of a C.V

Heading
Personal information

Full name

Date of birth

Gender

Status

Religion

Postal address

Telephone

Academic achievements

College name: years attended grades achieved

Secondary school: years attended grades achieved

Primary school: years attended grades achieved

Work experience

List the Places of work( beginning with the most recent) and the period of time worked

Responsibilities

Provide details begin with the most recent

Interests/ hobbies

List a few

Referees

At least 3 people who know you well. Shouldn’t be a relative e.g a priest, principal, head of department, manager, etc.

QUESTION

Write a detailed curriculum vitae that you would use to search for a job.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 6

MEETINGS

Introduction

Minutes are the official record of the proceedings of a meeting. They constitute a permanent record of the decisions and actions of a constituted body and serve as a reminder of the subjects previously dealt with and the conclusions reached. Once approved and signed, they are acceptable in a court of law as evidence of the preceedings.

6.1 Definition of meeting

A meeting can be defined as:

The coming together of at least two persons for any lawful purpose.
An assembly of persons in accordance with legally defined procedures to discharge business as required by the law.
A gathering of persons in an organization who meet to exchange views, ideas, information with a view of making decision.

6.2 Types of meetings

The following are types of meetings:

Executive meetings
Briefing meetings
Advisory meetings
Managerial meetings
Brainstorming meetings
Task force/ Working party
Departmental meetings

Executive meetings

These meetings are participatory in nature.
All members present share in decision making which result in action being taken.
It consists of an assembly of people with common interests who arrive at decisions and institute action.
The meetings involve an exchange of relevant ideas, views and information which leads to an agreement favored by the majority of all those present.

Briefing meetings

These meetings are called within an organization to relay information or decisions from a more senior source.
They are an assembly of people who are summoned to receive, accept and comply with the requirements of formulated decisions.
The people retain the information relayed by a person in authority for use.

Advisory meetings

These meetings are called to generate proposals or advice either from those in lower ranks or in authority.
In such meetings, suggestions are made for submission to higher authority for ratification. e.g. Workers Union meetings

Managerial meetings

Many informal meetings occur between a manager and his/her subordinates or counterparts.
They meet to exchange opinions, give advice or supply information e.g. staff meetings.

Task force/ working party

This is a meeting that brings together of a group of people with a varying responsibility and different departments to pursue a particular task or problem.
They find a solution to a problem by working outside the normal administrative structure.

Brainstorming meetings

Some informal meetings are called with the aim of generating a fresh approach or new ideas relating to organizational activities.
Members are encouraged to contribute without restriction or fear of victimization.

6.3 Purpose of meetings

To pass on information
To bring people together to share ideas
Used for making decisions
Used in problem solving
To introduce new staff
To give instructions
To introduce new strategy for implementation
To inform on new changes
To remind people about rules and regulation
To enhance relationships of the staff
To create awareness
To recommend change
To raise grievances
To make people feel part of the org

6.4 Terminologies used in meetings

Agenda- a list of items to be discussed at a meeting
Ad hoc- A Latin word meaning ‘for the purpose of’ e.g sub-committee set up to investigate the cause of high turn- over among employees
Adjourn – to close the meeting for a moment
Adjourn sine die – to close without a new date being fixed
Reconvene – to meet again at a later date
Fixed items- items to be found in most agenda; they include: apologies, matters arising, correspondence, A.O.B, date of next meeting.
Proposals- formal suggestions which members will vote during the meeting.
Propose a motion – to put forward an idea to be adopted as the conclusion of the meeting
Second – to offer ones support
Resolution – a passed motion
Matters arising – items arising directly from the previous meeting that were not concluded.
Addendum- an addition to a certain document
Casting vote – if votes for and against are equal, the chair may use his/her vote
Ex-officio member- a member given powers or rights by reason of office
Speak to a paper – a member discusses a paper or report which he/ she has written and circulated to members before the meeting.
Out of order – a ruling by the chair to a member for behaving in a manner contrary to the standing orders.
Move progress – propose to move to the next item on the agenda.
Point of order
Quorum
Resolution
Standing orders

6.5 Preparation of meetings

We prepare for a meeting in different ways depending on our role in the meeting. This will include preparations before .during and after the meeting. All the three important participants in a meeting (chairperson, secretary, members) all have duties to perform during the three phases.

Chairperson

Before the Meeting

Draft the agenda
Ensures members receive the agenda through the secretary
Suggests the venue

During the meeting

Ensures the meeting starts on time
Welcomes members to the meeting by initiating the preliminaries
Ensures that all contributions are made through the chair
Ensures members do not go outside the subject of discussion
Maintains order in a meeting
Ensures the meeting is conducted fairly without taking sides
Ensures that all agenda has been discussed without taking too much time
Signs the previous minutes
Asks for confirmation from members
Closes the meeting

After the meeting

Monitors progress of assigned tasks in special cases
Follows-up absent members
Reads through the written minutes

Secretary

Before the meeting

Writes the minutes in readiness for the next meeting
Drafts the agenda in a logical order
Sends out notices of meeting to members
Requests and receives items for the agenda from members
Ensures the venue is ready for the meeting
Consult with the chair

During the meeting

Attends meeting before time
Prepares the room with equipment, furniture, stationery, water, etc
Takes down notes of the proceedings of the meeting
Reads the previous minutes
Takes note of the agenda

After the meeting

Writes the minutes logically
Consults with the chair
Distributes minutes to members before the next meeting
Reminds members of assigned tasks
May report progress of tasks to the chair

Members

Before the meeting

Submit proposals for discussion
Read minutes before meeting
Perform assigned tasks before meeting
Make corrections with secretary if any
Read the notice carefully and locate the venue before the meeting

During the meeting

Attend the meeting on time
Maintain order by making contributions in a disciplined way
Control their emotions
Be flexible and tolerant
Have a positive attitude towards the meeting
Take note of any tasks given

After the meeting

Carry out assigned tasks

6.6 Procedure of conducting a meeting

The chair calls the meeting to order when he/she is satisfied with the quorum.
The chair declares the meeting open, making clear that the meeting has formally started and the exact time is recorded.
The secretary reads out names of members who have sent apologies.
The minutes of the previous meeting are read by the secretary.
If there are any omissions or differences in the way the minutes were recorded, corrections are made.
If the minutes are accurate, proposals is made to pass them, and are seconded as a true copy.
The chair signs the minutes.
Matters which were not concluded at the last meeting are discussed as matters arising.
The main business of the meeting as outlined in the agenda is discussed.
A member might suggest a particular course of action, also known as proposing a motiong. “It is proposed that the committee investigate the possibility of engaging a communications consultant to deal with the press during the current takeover crisis.”
Once a motion has been proposed, it must be seconded.
If there is a seconder, the motion is put to vote.
The chair suggests formally that members move the vote. A show of hands is taken for those for the motion, followed by those against the motion, and finally those who wish to abstain.
A motion may be either carried or defeated, depending on the majority of the votes.

e.g. the motion was carried by a majority of eight votes to three.

Amendments of a proposed motion may be proposed by a member and seconded after which the chair conducts a vote on the amendment. If it is carried, the revised motion is put to vote.
After discussing the business of the meeting, and voting, the secretary usually announces details of any correspondence which has been received.
The final item for discussion is Any Other Business where additional matters are raised.
The chair fixes the date of the next meeting.
The chair then declares the meeting closed at the exact time when the business ceases.

Advantages of Meetings

Information is shared at once
Encourages teamwork
Strengthens bonds by building good working relationships
Boost individual morale – some people have brilliant ideas
It fosters creativity
It provides instant feedback

Disadvantages of Meetings

They can be time consuming
It can be expensive to prepare for meetings; the expenses may include sitting allowances, lunch and tea, hiring of the venue, facilitators fees, etc
Some members may withhold important information
There at times when members fight over leadership positions
Victimization may occur when a member airs their views or grievances which do not go well with those in senior positions
Negative influence and incitement can take place in a meeting
Lack of skills in conducting a meeting

Challenges in conducting meetings

Lack of quorum
Lack of venue
Lack of adequate resources like reports, handouts
Technological breakdown e.g TV, VCR,
Lack of enough seats
Time keeping
Following the agenda to ensure all items are discussed

QUESTION

Imagine you have been appointed to chair a meeting at your workplace. Outline the steps you would use to ensure that you chair the meeting successfully.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 7

INTERVIEWS

Introduction

The word ‘interview’ means ‘view between’ or sight between’. It suggests meeting between two persons for the purpose of getting a view of each other or for knowing each other. When we normally think of an interview, we think of a situation in which an employer tries to size up his applicant for a job. The employer’s aim is to know whether the applicant can be of service to his company and the applicant’s aim is to find out whether the job being offered by the company can be suitable for him.

7.1 Definition of an interview

Definition

It is any planned, purposeful conversation between two or more people during which both speak and listen from time to time.

7.2 Types of Interviews

Selection Interview

It is an encounter that takes place to determine whether or not someone will be given a job. One or more senior staff will ask questions about the candidate’s background, work experience, ambitions and interests.

Promotion Interview

It takes place when an employee has applied for a job of a higher grade within the organization. It is conducted in a similar manner as selection interviews. It aims to discover whether the applicant has the necessary qualifications and abilities to perform the job.

Appraisal Interview

It is used to asses or evaluate the work done and progress made by an individual employee. It can be conducted annually where the employees’ progress during the year is reviewed and future recommendations made e.g promotion, training, etc

Instructional Interview

It is used to issue instructions about new procedures to key individuals within an organization. These procedures should be explained or demonstrated clearly to the individuals for maximum benefit of the organization

Disciplinary Interview

It is the least pleasant of all interviews. It is carried out when an employee has been accused of breach of company regulations.

Grievance Interview

It takes place when an employee feels they have been unfairly treated by another member of the organization. They rely on sound facts so as to arrive at the truth and appropriate action taken.

Decision making Interview

It is a small meeting between company employees of equal status or position.

Information gathering Interview

It is used to gather information. It is used by the media to gather information

Persuasive Interview

It is used to change a person’s behavior or attitude. It is used by sales people

Exit Interview

It is used to determine why someone has left a position

Counseling Interview

It is used to provide guidance

Purpose of interviews

To determine whether or not someone will be given a job.
To determine whether someone is suitable to be promoted.
To evaluate the work done and progress made by an individual employee.
To issue instructions about new procedures to key individuals within an organization.
To undertake disciplinary measures.
To air particular grievances.
To make decisions.
To gather information.
To change a person’s behavior or attitude.
To provide guidance.

Role of the interviewee

Research about the company before the interview through their websites and brochures
Try to work out the questions likely to be asked and how to answer them
Watch the news and read recent newspapers to be updated on the current affairs
Think about your hobbies, recreational interests and ambitions which might for the basis of questions.

7.3 Conduct during an interview

The language used should be formal. Use polite expressions when answering questions. Some polite words and expressions include ‘please’, ‘excuse me’, ‘thank you’,
Listen carefully. This is very crucial because one’s suitability for the job will be determined by the answers given
Think before speaking. Never rush in with your ideas. Work out whether they are really valid and try to think of a complete sentence which expresses them clearly
Be honest. Answer questions as truthfully as possible. Giving a false impression will only create problems at a later stage
Be audible. Speak clearly and loud enough for everyone to hear
Send the right non verbal signals. Dress appropriately in official wear, your body and head movements should not display nervousness
Maintain eye contact. Although you should look mainly at the person who asked questions, glance quickly at any other people present to show that you are including them in what you are saying
Try to put the interviewee at ease by adopting a friendly and re-assuring approach from the start.

Role of the interviewer

The following areas should be considered when organizing to conduct an interview with another individual:

The purpose

Have a clearly defined reason why the interview is being held e.g job seeking, information gathering, evaluation, etc

Research

Obtain all the relevant information and familiarize yourself with it beforehand e.g job application forms, reports, files of documents. Make notes from these sources that will help gather information. Research on the people involved in the interview. This is applicable with selection, appraisal, disciplinary or grievance interviews.

Setting

Set a time and place that are convenient for all concerned. The interview room should be of suitable size, well lit and properly ventilated. Arrange the furniture appropriately. Ensure there will be no interruptions during the interview by placing signs on the door.

7.4 Challenges of an interview

The interviewer may have a personal bias or dislike towards the interviewee and result in disqualifying such a candidate.
Some individuals may be very skilled with the necessary expertise, however they may lack the desired qualifications e.g. good academic certificates; therefore, they are disadvantaged over other candidates with the qualifications.
Language. A candidate may not know how to express themselves; they may lack the right way of expressing themselves.
The interview process may be prone to be compromised through corrupt deals such that the deserving candidate is denied the opportunity.
Preparation for conducting an interview can be expensive.eg training the interviewers, conducting the interview and transcribing.
Data analysis can be time consuming.
Interviews require preparation on the part of the interviewer and interviewee. One cannot show up having not done adequate research for both parties.
There is a possibility of candidates giving suitable answers without necessarily meaning what they say i.e. lack of honesty.
Lack of objectivity resulting in pre-judgement of the interviewee with respect to nonverbal cues such as appearance, paralinguistic elements.
Interviews are not effective when dealing with large number of candidates as the process may result in inconsistent treatment of interviewees.
There’s no guarantee of a job in the case of selection interviews.
They lack future reference as what is discussed is not necessarily recorded.

QUESTION

Give suggestions to ensure success in an interview.
How can you conduct yourself during an interview.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 8

REPORTS

Introduction

A Business report is an orderly presentation of facts about specific business activity or programme. A report is a communication from someone who has some information to someone who wants to use that information.

8.1 Definition of a report

Definition: A report is communication of information or advice from a person who has collected and studied the facts to a person who has requested the information for a specific purpose.

Reports are written in an organization, businesses or institutions and are an important method of acquiring information. They are presented orally or in written form. Reports usually contain a record of en event. It takes note of any action taken, explanations of facts collected, conclusions and recommendations for future action.

8.2 Types of reports

Long report
Short report
Oral reports
Written reports
Solicited reports
Unsolicited reports
Reports based on the subject e.g financial/medical/agricultural
Reports based on time e.g daily/weekly/monthly/ quarterly/annual

Long reports are also known as special reports. They are written in response to a request for specific information e.g one may want to find out the reason of an unusual occurrence within an organization such as a fire outbreak.

Short reports are also known as routine reports e.g a report on the progress of a department in an organization.

Purpose of reports

To provide information
To provide a basis for decisions to be implemented/action to be taken
To gain information written by others
To give advice
To co-ordinate activities
To make employees to be more responsible
To help solve problems within an organization
Help in accountability of results
Help in record keeping
Help in reducing the workload for seniors who rely on them

8.3 Characteristics of a good Report

Precision

In a good report, the writer is very clear about the exact purpose of writing it. His investigation, analysis and recommendations are directed by this central purpose. Precision gives a kind of unity and coherence to the report and makes it a valuable documents.

Accuracy of facts

The scientific accuracy of facts is very essential to a good report. Since reports invariably lead to decision-making, inaccurate facts may lead to disastrous decisions.

Relevance

The facts presented in a report should be not only accurate but relevant also. While it is essential that every fact included in a report has a bearing on the central purpose, it is equally essential to see that nothing relevant has escaped inclusion

Reader-orientation

A good report is always reader-oriented. While drafting a report, it is necessary to keep in mind the person(s) who is (are) going to read it. A report meant for layman will be different from another meant for technical experts.

Objectivity of recommendations

If recommendations are made at the end of a report, they must be impartial and objective. They should come as logical conclusion to investigation and analysis. They must not reveal any self-interest on the part of the writer.

Simple and unambiguous language

A good report is written in a simple and unambiguous language. It is a kind of scientific document of practical utility, hence it should be free from various forms of poetic embellishment like figures of speech.

Clarity

A good report is absolutely clear. Clarity depends on proper arrangement of facts. The report writer must proceed systematically. He should make his purpose clear, define his sources, state his findings and finally make necessary recommendations.

Brevity

A report should be brief. It is difficult to define brevity in absolute terms. Nor can brevity be laid down as a rule. All that can be said is that a good report should be as brief as possible. Brevity should not be achieved at the cost of clarity. Nor should it be ad the cost of completeness.

Grammatical Accuracy

The grammatical accuracy of language though listed at number 9 in the characteristics of good report of fundamental importance. It is one of the basic requisites of a good report as of any other piece of composition.

Styles used in report writing

Letter format
Memo format
Schematic format

8.4 Structure and content of reports

Heading

It includes the purpose of writing a report e.g A report on complaints of poor food and service in the staff restaurant.
It should be written in capital letters and underlined

Introduction

It comprises of Terms of Reference and Procedure
Terms of Reference comprises of: the reasons for writing the report, date of request, name of the person requesting
Procedure comprises of the means used in carrying out the investigation e.g telephone calls, interviews, observation

Body

It comprise of findings and conclusions
It is also known as report proper
This section lies between the introduction and the final report
The writer reveals his/her findings based on facts
The concluding paragraph should be based on the findings
It should be brief

Final section

It comprises of recommendations and appendices
It leaves the reader with the final impression
It offers solutions to problems
Appendices contain material which is relevant to the content but which would interrupt the flow of the content were it included in the main text e.g statistics tables, copy of questionnaire, maps, diagrams, bibliography
Bibliography is a list of works consulted in alphabetical order

Preparation of a report using the schematic format

Sample:

A REPORT ON COMPLAINTS OF POOR FOOD AND SERVICE IN THE STAFF RESTAURANT

TERMS OF REFERENCE

To investigate complaints about poor food and service provided in the staff restaurant and make recommendations as requested by Mr. J. Kariuki, the Principal, Thika Technical Training Institute on 11^th June 2013

PROCEDURE

An interview was held with Mrs. Gitonga, the cateress on 12^th June 2013
Interviews were held with a cross- section of staff members(20) who frequented the restaurant between 5^th to 7^th June 2013

FINDINGS

INTERVIEW WITH CATERESS
- STAFF

Mrs. Gitonga has three full- time employees. The youngest, Ms. Lillian, attends day classes at the nearby Amboseli Institute. Her classes are on Monday, Wednesday and Friday each week. She works half day between 2pm to 4pm.

EQUIPMENT

A schedule of the current equipment and their year of purchase is attached to this report. No major problems were reported, however, Mrs. Gitonga said that additional equipment would be useful e.g a micro-wave oven and a rice cooker

WATER SHORTAGE

There has been a re-current water shortage in the institution. This has resulted in interference in the smooth flow of activities in the kitchen because water is bought from water vendors

INTERVIEW WITH STAFF MEMBERS

Ten staff members who were served between 12 noon to 1pm were interviewed first. Additional interviews were held with the other staff served between 1pm to 2pm.

The choice of food served is clearly shown in the menu attached in this report. Out of the staff interviewed, 60% of the staff said they preferred changes in the food choices to include fruit, snacks and salads.

QUEUES

Majority of the staff were served between 12 noon to 1pm. This resulted in long queues forming during the first lunch sitting.

HYGIENE

There is no running water from the taps. This inconveniences the cleaning activities required in the restaurant.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings if this report, the following conclusions can be made:

There are inadequate assistants to cope with the food and service in the morning and during the popular first lunch sitting.
Service can improve through the purchase of a microwave oven and rice cooker
The variety of meals served is not wide enough to cater for the staff needs.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following suggestions can help improve the situation:

A new assistant should be recruited on part time basis to work between 9am to 2pm on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
Gitonga should be asked to come up with a variety of foods to include the snacks, salad and fruits.
Gitonga should be asked to look into the prices and availability of the new equipment suggested.
Water storage tanks should be purchased to combat the challenge of water shortage.

Compiled by

Grace Mburu

The Dean

Formats of Long Reports

Title page

The report should have an appropriate title telling what the report is about.

It normally gives the author, title, the recipient and the date.

Summary

It is important to have a well-presented summary at the beginning of the report, as the reader may not always read each section of the report, especially if it is quite detailed. The summary is usually the last part of the report to be written.

Contents Page

The content page is very important. It gives the reader an overview of the subject at a glance. If you develop the contents page as you write the report, it will help you map out the subject and achieve an overview. The numbered sections of the report are listed in sequence. Some contents pages are very detailed and show every subsection heading too. This can help the reader take in the contents at a glance, but may be confusing.

4 . Terms of Reference

Terms of reference usually outline the purpose of the report, who it was commissioned by and its submission date. The terms of reference section is sometimes combined with the introduction, depending on personal preference. If there is any ambiguity the brief for the report then it is important that it is cleared up before your research actually begins.

5.Introduction

An introduction to a report will normally give a brief background to the contents of the report, to enable its reader to visualize the situation, if no prior knowledge exists. The introduction puts the report into context for the reader. It may also explain the methods of investigation for the report.

Methodology

If research is involved them may reports (especially market research reports) have a section, which describes the way research was carried out. (e.g desk research, questionnaire, interview)

Finding

The findings are normally divided between various sections, depending upon the complexity of the case. A different section is normally allocated to each separate area of information. This makes it easier to identify individual areas of concern. The sections should follow a systematic order. It is important that these sections are very clearly defined and accurate as they form the basis for the remainder of your discussion- and your recommendations.

Conclusion

This section summarizes the main points of the report, giving a brief overview of what has been discussed. The recommendations section may sometimes be combined with this.

Recommendation

The recommendations will offer a solution to any problems, which have arisen within the main body of findings. The style of writing in this part of the report should not only be persuasive but also positive and should instill confidence. Recommendations should be realistic and practical. Numerous recommendation should be listed separately so they can be clearly understood.

Appendix

The appendix usually contains supporting material which may be referred to throughout the report. E.g leaflets, copies of questionnaires and statistical information e.t.c this section is often invaluable, proving back up material to your findings and recommendations without clogging up the body of the report. This section also allows the author to add material without having to re-write the whole report.

Acknowledgements/references/ Bibliography

This section includes references, which have been used in conjuction with the contents of the report. There are set formats for use when citing references- ask at your local library. The reference should include the author’s name, the publication title, the date, the publisher’s name and the page number.

Presentation of a report

QUESTION

As the Dean of students of a college, you have been summoned by the Principal to complain about a huge rise in the electricity bill. Write a report explaining your findings and recommendations.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 9

ORAL/VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Introduction

This is communication through word of mouth. It includes face to face conversation, conversation over the telephone, mobiles, radio broadcasts, interviews, group discussions, meetings, conferences and seminars, announcement over the public address system, speeches e.t.c

9.1 Definition of oral/verbal communication

This is the giving, receiving or exchange of information, opinions or ideas by word of mouth so that the message is completely understood by everybody concerned.

9.2 Types of oral/verbal communication

Discussions
Lectures
Meetings
telephone conversations
face to face
Interviews
Speeches
Presentations

Importance of oral communication

It is quite fast
Used by literate and illiterate people
Accuracy
Instant feedback
Reliability
One can seek clarification
It is flexible

9.3 Barriers to effective oral communication

Noise
Language
Jumping to conclusions
Poorly defined aim

Overcoming barriers to effective oral communication

Use a public address system
Simple language that is understood by all
Listen keenly
Know the purpose of communication and prepare adequately

QUESTION

Explain the importance of listening n oral communication. What other points should you remember when communicating with someone orally.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.

Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 10

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Introduction

It is anything other than words that communicate a message. Peoples behavior can convey messages just as effectively as anything they might say e.g nodding, smiling. Such actions may be made consciously or unconsciously.

10.1 Definition of non-verbal communication

This is the giving, receiving or exchange of information, opinions or ideas without the use of words so that the message is understood.

10.2 Types of non-verbal communication

Body language
Written language
Sign language

Communicating using body language

Facial expressions
Gestures
Pantomimes
Physical contact mimes

Communication using written language

Written English
Braille

Communicating using sign language

Finger spelling
Signing exact English (SEE)
Kenya sign language (KSL)

Other types of non-verbal communication

Dress and appearance
Eye contact
Facial expressions
Body movement and gestures
Head movements
Body direction
Silence
Space
Voice
Circumstances
Arrangement of the room

DRESS AND APPEARANCE

The way a person dresses makes an important statement about them. It is also an indicator of how one regards the people to whom they are addressing. Smart clean clothes will convey a message of efficiency and that one is responsible. Many people will judge a person’s personality by their dressing. Ones appearance is a key factor in interviews.

EYE CONTACT

Participants in a room should be able to see the speaker as well as each other. If someone is hidden in a dark corner or behind a pillar, they would tend to feel cut off and will contribute little in a discussion. Looking at someone directly in the eye suggests openness or truthfulness; whereas looking away gives an impression of shyness or dishonesty. When giving a talk, the speaker should ensure that their eyes roam regularly around the room rather than fixing one’s gaze on the floor or on one of the persons in the room. Eye contact ensures that everyone is involved in the discussion.

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

These give a clear indication of one’s feelings. A smile suggests amusement, agreement or humor. A frown suggests displeasure. A distant expression or look suggests lack of concentration. These signals are much stronger than verbal communication. One should try to match their facial expression with what they are saying otherwise there will be conflicting messages transmitted.

BODY MOVEMENT AND GESTURES

It is also referred to as kinesics. Peoples’ body movement can say a lot about their mood. Anxiety can be detected by kneading of fingers; impatience – crossing and uncrossing the legs; absentmindedness – drumming of a table. Some movements are very distractive to the audience e.g stroking of a beard (real or imaginary), cleaning one’s spectacles. Other gestures are too forceful and should be avoided e.g banging one’s fist on a table.

HEAD MOVEMENTS

This includes nodding or shaking of the head. Nodding suggests agreement or understanding while shaking the head means disagreement or disapproval, disbelief. Both are ways of conveying feedback.

BODY DIRECTION

This concerns the way in which the body may convey signals about a person’s feelings. It is divided into four areas: posture, proximity, orientation and contact.

Posture

It refers to the position of the body e.g sitting upright, leaning forwards or backwards, folding of the arms, etc. A listener who leans forward during a talk suggests that they are very interested in what is said. A listener who sits back in their chairs, gazing at the floor is probably not interested or has lost concentration.

Proximity

It is the distance between people during communication. Some people feel threatened by those who approach them too closely and may become nervous. Some informal sitting arrangements permit a close distance between people.

Orientation

This is simply the direction in which the body is facing. Facing the person you are speaking to, suggests interest in the subject. Speaking with your body turned away suggests restlessness or lack of commitment. Change of orientation during a conversation will signify a change in mood e.g turning away or walking away may suggest boredom or lack of interest or anger

Contact

Physical contact should be minimal especially during business e.g a handshake, pat on the back. A firm handshake is a sign of goodwill. People from different cultures will respond differently to touch. Some view it as a sign of goodwill while others feel threatened or offended. It is wise to know who you are dealing with and trea them appropriately.

SILENCE

When someone asks a question and one fails to answer, one communicates a message that could mean they were not concentrating, disagreement, rejection, lack of knowledge or total satisfaction. Human beings are social beings who need assurance from those around us. Holding ones tongue can sometimes be wise; however, sometimes it can be seen as an act of rebellion or rejection. Silence builds walls and walls are barriers to communication. One the other hand, silence can be used strategically to indicate that one is prepared to listen and encourage the speaker to continue speaking.

SPACE

This is an area or place that belongs to someone. In offices, space is usually directly related to status or position. The higher the rank the more square feet or space one has. Different cultures view space differently e.g Europeans will position the office desk at the centre of the room so that the authority flows from upwards to the centre. The more one is close to the centre, the more important they are. Human beings tend to claim particular areas of space, this is the reason homes are surrounded by walls or hedges to indicate the boundaries. Even in public spaces like classrooms, people tend to own some space. It is wise to respect each other’s space.

VOICE

It is also referred to as paralinguistic elements. This term is used to describe the noises of agreement and encouragement or disagreement which people make when listening to others. E.g ‘uh huh’ ‘a hah’ ‘mmm’ ‘eeeeeeh’. Other elements of paralinguistics include: pitch, volume, rate, and pause.

Pitch

This is the highness or lowness of the voice. A high pitch is associated with females while a low pitch is associated with males

Volume

This is the degree of loudness. Loud people are viewed to be aggressive while the soft spoken people are shy or polite. A good speaker should vary their degree of loudness when necessary to be more effective.

Rate

It is the speed at which we speak. It can be quick, slow, or moderate. Fast speakers are seen to be intelligent while slow speakers can be viewed to be lazy or inefficient which may not necessarily be the case.

Pause

It is a planned stop. It is used to slow the rate of speech and give the sender and receiver a chance to gather their thoughts, unfortunately, many people feel that all pauses must be filled and consciously or unconsciously seek ways to fill the pauses with meaningless phrases e.g ‘mmmmm’

CIRCUMSTANCES

It refers to the situation in which an Exchange takes place. It has a lot to do with the impression one conveys or one gives. It affects the overall message that is received by the other person. Eg the amount of preparation made for a presentation or discussion; observation of punctuality; avoidance of disturbance or distraction during a meeting or presentation.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE ROOM

The physical layout of a room can have a great influence on the communication that takes place e.g board members seated at a round table suggest equality. A horse-shoe arrangement also suggests equality. A manager, who sits behind his/her desk throughout a conversation with an employee, will emphasize the difference in rank or position between the two; on the other hand, if the two share a table an air of equality is immediately created.

10.3 Importance of non-verbal communication

Can be used by the hearing impaired
Can be used where noise is prohibited eg library, banking hall, lecture hall,etc
Creates emphasis when it accompanies oral communication
Can be used where there is language barrier
Very fast in transmitting information
Can be used by both literate and illiterate
It provides instant feedback

Barriers to effective non-verbal communication

Distance
Conflicting messages
Culture barriers

Overcoming barriers to effective non-verbal communication

Keep close distance
Respect other people’s culture
The signs used should match the message sent

QUESTION

What kind of non-verbal signals would you associate with:

Confidence
Nervousness
Attentive listening
Making someone feel welcome

Explain with examples, how non-verbal communication can influence one’s view of another person at first meeting.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.
Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 11

AUDIO, VISUAL AND AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Introduction

Audio visual communication that makes use of telecasts, short films on the cinema screen, video tapes and digital video disc is the latest medium of communication. It is a combination of sight and sound. it may make use of the written word also.

11.1 Definition of audio, visual and audio-visual communication

Audio means anything that you listen to. It uses the ears as the channel.

Visual means anything that can be seen. It uses the eyes or the sense of sight as a channel.

Audio- visual communication aids refer to equipment and applications that deal with sound and sight.

11.2 Types of audio communication

Radio cassette
Radio

Importance of communication aids

Can be used in meetings
Used when dealing with impairments like blindness
Keeps people alert in presentations
One can interpret what they see when they hear it. The message becomes clearer.

Barriers to effective audio communication

Noise
Interference e.g power blackout
Technical breakdown

Overcoming barriers to effective audio communication

Increase the volume so as to be heard above the noise
Have some power
back up
Repair any breakages

11.3 Types of visual communication

Photographs
Pictures
Drawings
Charts
Tables
Posters
Pie charts
Histograms
Bar graphs

Importance of visual communication

Retention of verbal presentations is 10%. You can achieve almost 50% retention by combining your presentation with visual messages.
Presenters who work with visual aids are twice as likely to achieve the audience objectives than those who don’t.
Visual content accounts for 55% of what people learn from world class conferences with audio accounting for only 38%.

Barriers to effective visual communication

Distance
Clarity
Poor Lighting
Size

Overcoming barriers to effective visual communication

Enlarge the visuals
Good lighting

11.4 Types of audio-visual communication

Blackboard
Whiteboard
Flip charts
Magnetic boards
Physical objects
Models and experiments
Overhead projector
Data projector
Videos
Television
DVD
VCD

Importance of audio-visual communication

They make presentations more interesting to the audience
The content is made easier to grasp
It reinforces the speaker’s message
It reminds the audience of the key ideas being presented hence enhances memory
It is more effective than any amount of words used

Barriers to effective audio-visual communication

Improper designing may lead to mis-communication
Barriers will occur when the aids used fail to correspond with the content eg physical objects
They may distract the audience
They can be expensive
If the receiver is not prepared to concentrate and take the audio-visual aids seriously, the message may not be appreciated
They may not be useful to people with impairments

Overcoming barriers to effective audio-visual communication

Prepare well before hand
Know when to use the aids to avoid distracting the audience

QUESTION

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of audio-visual communication.

REFERENCES

Hackett, P. (1988) Success in Office Practice, John Murray, 2^nd Edition, London.
Sillars, S. (1988) Success in Communication, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London.

TOPIC 12

TECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNICATION

Introduction

Information technology has been with us for longer than many people realize. It has a precise meaning: the storage, processing and retrieval of information by means of electronic technology, in particular computers and advanced technology.

12.1 Definition of technology

It is the making, modification, usage and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function.

12.2 Technological developments in communication

E-MAIL

It is a way of sending or receiving a massage through electronic means. It can be used to send memos, letters, application forms, reports, pictures, newsletters, and many paged documents e.g e-books.

ADVANTAGES

It is relatively cheap especially when sending a document of several pages
It can be used to send a message to many people at the same time
It is a very fast means of communication especially if the recipient is online
The message is sent as a plain text hence there is no need to memorize a particular layout
It is simple, convenient and independent of time and time zones
Documents can be attached to the email and sent saving time and money

DISADVANTAGES

One can receive unwanted messages from people known and unknown to them
Some messages may be incomprehensible due to miss-pelt words or coded language
Some senders write annoying messages impulsively and thoughtlessly which they later regret
It is phasing out other types of communication e.g. notes, letters, telephone, face to face

EMAIL ETIQUETTE

This is the expected behavior when sending or receiving email:

Treat email as public messages that can be accessed by anyone else
Emails can be subjected to fraud, defamation, plagiarism, obscenities etc
Avoid sending copies of emails indiscriminately to long lists of recipients because many people read only mail with relevant subject headings
Do not expose other peoples email addresses especially when sending a forwarded message
Use humour and sarcasm cautiously to avoid offending the recipient
The use of too many abbreviations or codes can make email messages difficult to read e.g. BTW (By the way), NKT (click sound),
Edit the text to remove irrelevancies
Avoid sending documents that are too bulky, the downloading may be too slow for the recipient.
Ensure your email is sent to the right address Check and re-check
Clear your inbox regularly to de-clatter

FAX

It is short for facsimile. It is a device that can send or receive pictures or text to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output devices. The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy.

ADVANTAGES

It can be used to send sensitive information unlike the internet which is vulnerable to interception
It provides a reliable method of transmitting correspondence, contracts, hand written notes, resumes and illustrations
It is immediate
You can quickly send documents from one building to another without relying upon messenger services or other potentially costly document transportation companies
It provides senders with a receipt after the document has finished moving through the fax process, the user has some evidence which can substantiate his claims that he followed through with his part of the deal.

DISADVANTAGES

Just like all technology, fax machines can fail.
Documents you transmit via fax may not be as safe and secure as you would like. Would-be information thieves have devised ways of pulling information from old fax machines or discarded printing cartridges.

TEXT MESSAGING

It is also known as short message service (SMS)

ADVANTAGES

Can be used to communicate in a noisy environment
It is cheap
Text Messaging is silent communication between two individuals. You can send text messages to each other without other people being able to hear what is being said.
It enables you the privacy to exchange messages with each other without fear of other people knowing what you and another individual are talking about.
You can also send pictures in text messages instantly.
They also allow you to send a quick note
You can customize quick notes automatically to send to someone without having to type question or sentence each time
The ability to send a message to someone to ask them to call you later regarding something important. At the same time though it doesn’t interrupt them with a phone call. It allows them to respond back to you when it is most convenient to them.

DISADVANTAGES

One of the disadvantages is sometimes you don’t receive all incoming messages from people.
Often a person’s text messaging box will get so full with incoming and sent text messages. In the event that the box gets too full then the person can no longer receive anymore messages unless he or she deletes some of them.
Use of coded words can be difficult to comprehend

THE INTERNET

According to the definition provided by Oxford dictionary, the Internet is an arrangement of connected computers, which lets the computer users all over the globe exchange data. The internet is undoubtedly the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of mankind. At the present time, approximately 33% of the world population has accessibility to the Internet. The Internet is an extraordinary entertainment and learning tool that may be utilized in a number of modes to increase the ability of a user to collect information. The principal components of the Internet are the World Wide Web (WWW) and e-mail. With the passage of time, the Internet has become the most effective business tool in the contemporary world. It can be described as a global meeting place where people from every corner of the world can come simultaneously.

The advantages of Internet

1)Information. The biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information. It functions as a valuable resource of information. You can find any type of information on any subject with the help of the search engines like Yahoo and Google.
2) Communication. The primary goal of the Internet is communication. It has done extremely well in this field, however the development process is still going on to make it more dependable and quick. By sending an e-mail, we can contact a person who is physically present thousand miles away within the fraction of a second’s time.
3) Entertainment. Internet functions as a popular medium of entertainment. A wide variety of entertainment including video games, music, movies, chat room, news and others can be accessed through the Internet.
4) E-commerce. E-commerce is the idea that is implemented for any form of commercial strategy or business transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another. E-commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything.
5) Formation of communities. Internet helps in formation of communities or forums. Here a number of people can participate in different types of debates and discussions, express their views and gather valuable knowledge.
6) Services. A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking, buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When you avail these services offline, they become more expensive.

7) Easy and cheap communication
Communicating with your friends and loved ones has been easy through e-mail and social communication sites like Facebook and MySpace. You don’t have to pay even a single cent just to chat with them because these services are free of charge!

8) Send small or big files with others easily!
If you have to send a file, for example, a video to your friend who’s living in other country, it

The disadvantages of Internet

Spamming: Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e-mails in large numbers. They are meaningless and they unnecessarily block the whole system. These activities are treated as illegal.
Theft of personal details. While using the Internet, there is high probability that your personal details like name, address and credit card number may be accessed by con artists and used for fraudulent purposes.
Pornography: Pornography is definitely harmful for your children. There are numerous pornographic sites available over the Internet and watching any of those can have very bad influence on the mental health of your children.
Virus threat Virus is a program that interrupts the usual operation of your personal computer system. PCs linked to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and as a result of this your hard disk can crash, giving you a lot of trouble.
There are risks attached to the unknown / hidden elements on the internet (you don’t necessarily know who you are talking to).
Reliability of information – everyone’s posting so just because something’s on the web doesn’t mean it’s reliable.
There are costs associated with maintaining equipment and keeping equipment up with contemporary software.
Addiction – some people get addicted to web / games etc.. which increases their social isolation and can cause health problems.
Health issues related to less sun, exercise etc… and a tendency to eat more.
Interruptions – because people don’t tend to turn off technology, they don’t focus or concentrate for uninterrupted periods as much. There’s a trend towards mult-tasking that can have benefits but also impacts productivity.
There are potential risks relating to cancer and fertility associated with regular exposure to mobile phones.

TELECONFERENCING

A teleconference is the live exchange information among several persons and machines remote from one another but linked by a telecommunications system. Terms such as audio conferencing, telephone conferencing and video conferencing are also sometimes used to refer to teleconferencing.

Video conferencing is similar to the popular video phones where you can call anyone around the world and not only speak with them, but see them on your computer or television screen during the conversation. The difference is that video conferencing is intended to work for larger conferences rather than serving the needs of individual consumers, often using closed circuit television.

While many businesses have taken this technology under wing as a useful tool, there are advantages and disadvantages of video conferencing which must be considered before you decide if it will work for your meeting needs or not.

Advantages

Reach anyone you need to reach immediately, no matter what time of day it may be for anyone involved. Time differences between states and countries can be overlooked without anyone traveling long distances for the conference.
While a phone call may suffice for two people who need to have a short conversation, web-based conferencing allows large rooms of people at different locations to interact with one another effectively. Ten business execs in Amsterdam can easily interact with five others in New York and two in Tokyo to create a full conference with everyone able to see and hear perfectly.
PowerPoint and other visual displays can be shared with everyone attending the conference at the same time, giving the feel of everyone being in one room and keeping everyone on task and focused.
Virtual whiteboards allow people from different locations to add in their own thoughts or ideas into one collaborative space. This enables everyone to form a plan of action or collaborate on a design or slogan instantly.
It is possible, with some services, for everyone to gain access to another computer, seeing whatever is on that computer screen. With more advanced services, a document can even be changed and typed into directly from other computers connected into the conference. Businesses that require active collaboration on one project form can be greatly enhanced with this possibility.

Disadvantages

The price may be the biggest drawback for some people, though there are very cheap options if you do not require the more advanced features. Usually, a business that can make good use of the more advanced features often finds that the money they save flying clients or employees around the country or world more than makes up for the cost of the service provider. As fuel becomes more of an issue around the world, the price becomes less of a disadvantage and more of an advantage.
There are some human ways of communicating that do not translate very well over a distance, such as eye contact. When you sit in the same room with someone and listen to a speech or presentation you will make eye contact and they will judge who is paying attention by looking around the room. Much of this contact is not easily delivered through a webcam.

12.3 IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNICATION

It has made work easier hence creating efficiency
Documents and files can be stored easily
People with poor handwriting can use the computer to communicate
The world has become a global village through the world wide web
The speed of communication has also been enhanced
There’s been a movement away from face-to-face meetings / communication. Instead, people and businesses use video conferencing. Loss of face-to-face may mean loss of some communication skills and loss of the personal touch.
Technology is more portable and people have and expect constant access to the internet.
Communication is virtually instantaneous (compare email versus snailmail).
Communication is less rigid and less inclined to conform to traditional standards and rules. It’s less formal. Mistakes are common. Acronyms are also common.
Reliance on technology – people don’t bother learning to spell because they use spell-checker etc…

TOPIC 13

13.0 EMERGING TRENDS IN COMMUNICATION

13.1 Emerging trends in communication

Internet technology has led to the rapid growth of social media
Diversity in the development of physical infrastructure eg broadband, digital broadcasting, satellite services
Continuing spread of distributed connectivity through the integration of information processing beyond the desktop into everyday objects and activities.

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COURSE OUTLINE

TOPIC 1

MEANING AND ROLE OF COMMUNICATION

1.1 Definition of communication

1.2 Roles of communication in an org

TOPIC 2

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

2.1 The Communication process

TOPIC 3

3.0 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

3.1 Principles of effective communication

3.2 Definition of a sentence

3.3 Sentence meaning – semantics

TOPIC 4

SUMMARY WRITING

4.1 Definition of summary

4.2 Qualities of good summary

4.3 Steps in writing summary

5.1 Types of business correspondence

TOPIC 6

MEETINGS

6.1 Definition of meeting

6.2 Types of meetings

6.3 Purpose of meetings

6.4 Terminologies used in meetings

6.5 Preparation of meetings

6.6 Procedure of conducting a meeting

7.1 Definition of an interview

8.1 Definition of a report

8.3 Characteristics of a good Report

9.1 Definition of oral/verbal communication

9.2 Types of oral/verbal communication

9.3 Barriers to effective oral communication

10.1 Definition of non-verbal communication

10.2 Types of non-verbal communication

10.3 Importance of non-verbal communication

TOPIC 11

AUDIO, VISUAL AND AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATION

11.1 Definition of audio, visual and audio-visual communication

11.2 Types of audio communication

11.3 Types of visual communication

11.4 Types of audio-visual communication

TOPIC 12

TECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNICATION

12.1 Definition of technology

12.2 Technological developments in communication

13.1 Emerging trends in communication

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